軸承的安裝是否正確，影響著精度、壽命、性能。因此，設(shè)計(jì)及組裝部門對(duì)于軸承的安裝要充分研究。希望要按照作業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行安裝。

 

　　Whether the bearing is installed correctly affects the accuracy, life and performance. Therefore, the design and assembly department should fully study the bearing installation. It is hoped that installation will be carried out according to the operation standard.
 

　　作業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的項(xiàng)目通常如下：

 

　　The operation standard items are usually as follows:

 

　?。?）清洗軸承及軸承關(guān)連部

 

　　(1) cleaning bearings and bearings.

 

　?。?）檢查關(guān)連部件的尺寸及精加工情況

 

　　(2) check the dimensions and finish machining of related parts.

 

　?。?）安裝

 

　　(3) installation

 

　?。?）安裝好軸承后的檢查

 

　　(4) inspection after installation of bearings.

 

　?。?）供給潤滑劑

 

　　(5) supply lubricants

　　安裝軸承中常出現(xiàn)的問題：

 

　　Common problems in the installation of bearings:

 

　　1、內(nèi)外圈不處于同一旋轉(zhuǎn)中心，造成軸偏斜

 

　　1, the inner and outer circles are not in the same rotation center, causing the axis deviation.

 

　　軸偏斜是實(shí)際運(yùn)行軸承中普遍存在的現(xiàn)象，軸心線的偏斜是造成推力軸承失效的主要原因之一。造成軸承與軸不對(duì)中的原因有：（1）軸傾斜；（2）轉(zhuǎn)子安裝誤差；（3）轉(zhuǎn)子制造誤差；（4）軸、轉(zhuǎn)子以及軸承運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)產(chǎn)生的熱彈性變形。軸偏斜造成每塊瓦的油膜厚度、壓力分布、瓦面溫度均不相同，其中對(duì)油膜厚度、壓力分布影響很大，對(duì)瓦面溫度分布影響較??；軸偏斜使軸承內(nèi)產(chǎn)生不均勻的流體動(dòng)壓力，導(dǎo)致軸所受油膜力波動(dòng)，隨偏斜程度增大，油膜力波動(dòng)越嚴(yán)重；在全油潤滑狀態(tài)下，微小的偏斜角變化會(huì)造成最小油膜厚度和最大壓力明顯的變化，但瓦面最高溫度變化很小。綜上所述，軸偏斜造成軸承內(nèi)的油膜厚度不均勻，可能導(dǎo)致油膜破裂，使軸承失效。

 

　　Shaft deflection is a common phenomenon in actual operating bearings. The deflection of shaft center line is one of the main causes of thrust bearing failure. The causes of the misalignment between the bearing and the shaft are: (1) shaft tilt; (2) rotor installation error; (3) rotor manufacturing error; (4) thermal elastic deformation of the shaft, the rotor and the bearing in operation. The oil film thickness, pressure distribution and pad surface temperature of each pad are different because of the shaft deflection, which has a great influence on the oil film thickness and pressure distribution, but has a little influence on the pad surface temperature distribution. The more serious the motion is, the smaller the deflection angle changes under the condition of full oil lubrication, the smaller the change of minimum film thickness and maximum pressure, but the change of the highest temperature of the tile surface is very small. In summary, shaft deflection causes uneven oil film thickness in the bearing, which may lead to oil film rupture and failure of the bearing.

 

　　安裝時(shí)，為了盡可能保持同心，最好的辦法是采用整體結(jié)構(gòu)的外殼，并把安裝軸承的兩個(gè)孔一次鏜出。如在一根軸上裝有不同尺寸的軸承時(shí)，外殼上的軸承孔仍應(yīng)一次鏜出，這時(shí)可利用襯筒來安裝尺寸較小的軸承。當(dāng)兩個(gè)軸承孔分在兩個(gè)外殼上時(shí)，則應(yīng)把兩個(gè)外殼組合在一起進(jìn)行鏜孔。

 

　　In order to be as concentric as possible, the best way to install the bearing is to use an integral shell and bore out the two holes in the bearing at one time. If there are bearings of different sizes on one shaft, the bearing holes on the housing should still be bored out at one time, then smaller bearings can be installed with a liner. When the two bearing holes are divided into two shells, two shells should be combined for boring.

 

　　2、安裝不到位，有偏差或未安裝到軸承位，造成軸承游隙過小

 

　　2, the installation is not in place, there is deviation or not installed to the bearing position, resulting in bearing clearance too small.

 

　　運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，軸的溫度一般高于外圈的溫度，軸的軸向和徑向熱膨脹將大于外殼的熱膨脹，如果軸承游隙過小，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致卡死。

 

　　When running, the shaft temperature is generally higher than the outer ring temperature, axial and radial thermal expansion of the shaft will be greater than the shell thermal expansion, if the bearing clearance is too small, may cause stuck.

 

　　3、轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)圈與不動(dòng)圈的過緊配合

 

　　3. Tight fit between the rotating ring and the non moving coil.

 

　　軸承配合種類的選取，應(yīng)根據(jù)軸承的類型和尺寸、載荷的大小和方向以及載荷的性質(zhì)等來決定。正確選擇的軸承配合應(yīng)保證軸承正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，防止內(nèi)圈與軸、外圈與外殼孔在工作時(shí)發(fā)生相對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。一般地說，當(dāng)工作載荷的方向不變時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)圈要比不動(dòng)圈有更緊一些的配合，因?yàn)檗D(zhuǎn)動(dòng)圈承受旋轉(zhuǎn)的載荷，而不動(dòng)圈承受局部的載荷。當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)速愈高、載荷愈大和振動(dòng)愈強(qiáng)烈時(shí)，則應(yīng)選用愈緊的配合。當(dāng)軸承安裝于薄壁外殼或空心軸上時(shí)，也應(yīng)采用較緊的配合。但是過緊的配合是不利的，這時(shí)可能因內(nèi)外圈的彈性膨脹和外圈的收縮而使軸承內(nèi)部的游隙減小甚至完全消失，也可能由于相配合的軸和座孔表面的不規(guī)則形狀或不均勻的剛性而導(dǎo)致軸承內(nèi)外圈不規(guī)則的變形，這些都將會(huì)破壞軸承的正常工作。過緊的配合還會(huì)使裝拆困難，尤其對(duì)于重型機(jī)械。

 

　　The selection of matching types of bearings should be decided by the type and size of bearings, the magnitude and direction of loads and the nature of loads. Correct selection of bearing fit should ensure the normal operation of the bearing, to prevent the inner ring and shaft, outer ring and shell hole in the operation of the relative rotation. Generally speaking, when the direction of the working load is unchanged, the rotating ring has a tighter fit than the fixed ring, because the rotating ring bears the rotating load, while the moving ring bears the local load. The higher the speed, the greater the load and the stronger the vibration, the tighter coordination should be used. When bearings are mounted on thin-walled shells or hollow shafts, tighter coordination should also be adopted. However, the over-tight matching is unfavorable. At this time, the internal clearance of the bearing may be reduced or even completely disappeared due to the elastic expansion of the inner and outer rings and the contraction of the outer rings. The irregular deformation of the inner and outer rings of the bearing may be caused by the irregular shape or uneven rigidity of the matching shaft and the surface of the seat hole. All these will be destroyed. Normal operation of bearings. Too tight coordination will make it difficult to assemble and disassemble, especially for heavy machinery.

 

　　4、安裝過程中，預(yù)緊力過大

 

　　4. During the installation process, the pre tightening force is too large.

 

　　預(yù)緊力是利用裝配過程中施加的外力給予軸承適當(dāng)?shù)念A(yù)緊負(fù)荷。預(yù)緊力過小會(huì)使軸承工作時(shí)存在間隙，導(dǎo)致支撐剛度和旋轉(zhuǎn)精度降低，引起振動(dòng)和噪聲。預(yù)緊力過大，會(huì)增加滾動(dòng)體與內(nèi)、外套圈滾道的摩擦，運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)溫度升高過快，降低傳動(dòng)效率，減小軸承壽命。只有施加合適的預(yù)緊力才可以消除軸向間隙，減小反向誤差，提高軸系回轉(zhuǎn)精度，降低振動(dòng)及噪聲。給予軸承適當(dāng)?shù)念A(yù)緊力，即使軸承經(jīng)過一定時(shí)間的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)后，軸承的相對(duì)位置略有變化，預(yù)先施加負(fù)荷仍能使軸承內(nèi)外圈位置保持穩(wěn)定，因此安裝時(shí)預(yù)緊力的控制十分重要。

 

　　The preload is the appropriate preload on the bearing by the external force applied in the assembly process. If the preload is too small, there will be clearance when the bearing is working, which will lead to the reduction of support stiffness and rotational accuracy, resulting in vibration and noise. If the pre-tightening force is too large, the friction between the roller and the raceways of the inner and outer rings will be increased, the temperature will be raised too fast, the transmission efficiency will be reduced, and the bearing life will be reduced. only by applying proper pre-tightening force can the axial clearance be eliminated, the reverse error be reduced, the rotational accuracy of the shafting be improved, and the vibration and noise be reduced. Given proper preloading force, even if the relative position of the bearing changes slightly after a certain period of operation, preloading can still keep the position of the bearing inner and outer rings stable, so it is very important to control the preloading force during installation.

 

　　希望在即將安裝前，方才打開軸承包裝。一般潤滑脂潤滑，不清洗，直接填充潤滑脂。潤滑油潤滑，普通也不必清洗，但是，儀器用或高速用軸承等，要用潔凈的油洗凈，除去涂在軸承上的防銹劑。除去了防銹劑的軸承，易生銹，所以不能放置不顧。再者，已封入潤滑脂的軸承，不清洗直接使用。

 

　　It is hoped that the bearing packing will be opened before the installation is ready. General grease is lubricated, not cleaned, directly filled with grease. Lubricant lubrication, ordinary also need not be cleaned, but, instruments or high-speed bearings, to use clean oil to clean, remove the anti-rust coating on the bearing. The rust removed from the rust inhibitor is easy to rust, so it can not be ignored. Moreover, bearings bearing grease are not cleaned and used directly.

 

　　軸承的安裝方法，因軸承結(jié)構(gòu)、配合等條件而異。一般而言，由于多為軸旋轉(zhuǎn)，所以內(nèi)圈需要過盈配合。圓柱孔軸承，多用壓力機(jī)壓入，或多用熱裝方法。錐孔的場合，直接安裝在錐度軸上，或用套筒安裝。

 

　　The bearing installation method is different from the bearing structure and matching conditions. Generally speaking, the inner ring needs interference fit because of multi axis rotation. Cylindrical bore bearings are usually pressed into or pressed by a press. The cone hole is directly mounted on the taper shaft or installed with sleeve.

 

　　安裝到外殼時(shí)，一般游隙配合多，外圈有過盈量，通常用壓力機(jī)壓入，或也有冷卻后安裝的冷縮配合方法。用干冰作冷卻劑，冷縮配合安裝的場合，空氣中的水分會(huì)凝結(jié)在軸承的表面。所以，需要適當(dāng)?shù)姆冷P措施。軸承的安裝一般需要借助軸承加熱器等專業(yè)的工具。

 

　　Installation to the shell, general clearance with more, the outer ring has interference, usually press in, or there are cooling installation after the cold shrinkage fit method. When dry ice is used as coolant and cold shrinkage matches installation, moisture in the air will condense on the surface of the bearing. Therefore, appropriate anti rust measures are needed. The installation of bearings usually requires specialized tools such as bearing heaters.